 |
Chris Myers
... is a professor of Zoology and Interdisciplinary Studies at Miami University.
He received his Ph.D. in ecology from Vanderbilt University. His research
focuses on community ecology, education reform, and participatory media.
Chris is the founding Director of Project Dragonfly and served
as Editor-in-Chief of Dragonfly magazine--the first national magazine to feature the investigations
of children. Project Dragonfly has reached millions of children
through award-winning print media, teacher programs, and the national
PBS children’s television series, DragonflyTV.
Chris has written more than 60 professional articles and has directed
projects funded by the National Science Foundation, the National Endowment
for the Humanities, the Organization for Tropical Studies, and other
agencies. Chris has taught or conducted research in Australia, Borneo,
Chile, Costa Rica, and Mexico, served as a Fulbright Scholar in Thailand,
and taught environmental education at Yale University. |
 |
Thane Maynard
... is Chief Executive Officer of the Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden.
Thane is best known as a writer and host of numerous wildlife programs,
including the daily public radio series The
90-Second Naturalist, which airs on stations across North America.
He has been featured on Good Morning America, Today, and CBS This Morning,
has been a regular wildlife expert on Late Night With Conan O'Brien,
and has authored 13 books on wildlife. From his youth exploring the
swamps of central Florida, Thane went on to earn his M. S. degree from
the University of Michigan and is a graduate of the Strategic Perspectives
in Nonprofit Management program at the Harvard Business School, as well
as the first National Education Leadership Institute sponsored by World
Wildlife Fund and Disney. |
 |
Laurie Marker
... is Co-Founder and Executive Director of the Cheetah
Conservation Fund (CCF) based in Namibia, Africa. Having worked
with cheetahs since 1974, Laurie set up the not-for profit CCF in 1990
and moved to Namibia to develop a permanent conservation research center
for the wild cheetah. In 1988, in collaboration with these two institutions
she became the Executive Director of the Center for New Opportunities
in Animal Health Sciences, based at the Smithsonian Institution's National
Zoo. She continues to serve as a NOAHS Research Fellow. In 1996 she
was made a vice-chair of the World Conservation Union's (IUCN) Species
Survival Commission's (SSC) Cat Specialist Group. In 2000 Laurie was
recognized as one of Time magazine's Heroes for the Planet and given
the Burrow's Conservation Award from Cincinnati, Ohio. In 2001 Laurie
was locally honored in Namibia, receiving the Paul Harris Fellowship
from the Windhoek Rotary Club. And in 2002 she received a special award
from the Sanveld Conservancy, signifying public acknowledgement of Laurie
and CCF's contributions from Namibia's farming community. |
 |
David Western
... is chairman of the African Conservation Centre. A Kenya citizen, he was raised and educated in Tanzania, obtained a B.Sc. (Hons.) from Leicester University and a Ph.D. from the University of Nairobi. He began research into the savannas at Amboseli in 1967, looking at the interactions of humans and wildlife aimed at developing conservation policies applicable at an ecosystem scale. His work in Amboseli has continued unbroken since then, serving as a barometer of changes in the savannas and a tested of new conservation solutions. He has a particular interest in pastoralism and community participation in conservation. Western has been active in many areas of conservation, including field research, community-based conservation, international programs, ecotourism, conservation planning, directing government and non-government agencies, training, creation of conservation institutions and public education. He directed Wildlife Conservation Society programs in East Africa for many years. He established the Wildlife Planning Unit in Kenya in 1978, was the chairman of the African Elephant and Rhino Specialist Group in the 1980s, was founding president of The International Ecotourism Society, chairman of the Wildlife Clubs of Kenya, director of Wildlife Conservation Society (International), director of Kenya Wildlife Service and founder of the African Conservation Centre in Nairobi. He is an adjunct professor in Biology at the University of California, San Diego and the University of Minnesota. Western’s publications include Conservation for the Twenty-first Century (OUP, 1989), Natural Connections: Perspectives in Community-based Conservation (Island Press, 1994) and In the Dust of Kilimanjaro (Shearwater, 1997). |
 |
Lynne Born Myers
... is a founding editor of Dragonfly magazine and the Director
of Learning Media for Project Dragonfly. She writes fiction and
nonfiction books for children with her husband, including McCrephy's
Field (Houghton Mifflin) and Galapagos: Islands of Change (Hyperion). Lynne received her B. Phil. from the School of Interdisciplinary
Studies at Miami University. Lynne has lived and worked around the world
on a variety of research and education projects addressing human relationships
with nature. |
 |
David Jenike
... is Chief Operating Officer at the Cincinnati
Zoo & Botanical Garden. David has a magical way of involving his
students, youngsters, and adults in his program presentations and interpretations
of the natural world. David received his B. S. degree in Zoology and
his M. S. degree in Environmental Education from Miami University. David
completed the Environmental Institutional Management Course at Delaware
University. He is the Education Liaison to the AZA’s Rhino Taxon
Advisory Group. The Institute of Environmental Sciences at Miami presented
David with an Award of Distinction in 1996. David is a Professional
Fellow with the American Zoo & Aquarium Association. David grew
up in Cincinnati as a member of a family of educators. He and his brother
Mark wrote and photographed the children's book, Ituri – A Walk
through the Rainforest, which chronicles the wildlife and people of
the Ituri Forest. |
 |
Bernadette Plair
... is the Neo tropical Conservation Program Manager at the Center for
Conservation and Research of Endangered Wildlife (CREW) at the Cincinnati
Zoo. A native of Trinidad, Bernadette is also Director of the Center
for the Rescue of Endangered Species of Trinidad and Tobago (CRESTT).
Bernadette earned her B. s. degree in Biology at the College of Mount
Saint Joseph and her M. s. degree from the University of Cincinnati.
Bernadette has devoted her life to the conservation of Trinidad’s
wildlife resources, including the reintroduction of the blue-and-gold
macaw to the Nariva Swamp in Trinidad. She worked with the zoo’s
education department to set up an education program at the Emperor Valley
Zoo in Trinidad. She has developed community-based behavioral monitoring
programs for reintroduced macaws and conservation education programs
in community schools bordering Nariva Swamp. |
 |
Hays Cummins
... is a professor in the School of Interdisciplinary Studies at Miami
University. Hays is a founding Co-Director of Project Dragonfly and served as the science editor for Dragonfly magazine. Hays
received his Ph.D. in oceanography from Texas A&M University and
has led international courses for years to the Bahamas and the Florida
Keys, Curacao Island, and Costa Rica. His research focuses on the reconstruction
of past ecological communities in marine systems and understanding ecological
change. He also has a passion for weather and astronomy. Hays has authored
many research papers and popular articles focusing on science and science
education. |
 |
Dan Marsh
... is the Director of Education at the Cincinnati Zoo, where he manages
the departments’ educational programs for the general public and
schools. Dan received his B. A. in Biology from the University of Louisville
and an M. Ed. in Curriculum and Instruction from the University of Cincinnati.
He spent a year in Japan on an academic scholarship, which sparked his
interest in international travel. He has escorted trips for the zoo
to Kenya, Tanzania, Botswana, Peru, and the Galapagos Islands,
in addition to traveling extensively on his own. Dan is a Professional
Fellow with the American Zoo and Aquarium Association and is an education
liaison to the Felid Taxon Advisory Group. He is also a member of the
National Association for Interpretation and the Environmental Education
Council of Ohio. Dan grew up near Louisville, Kentucky, where his parents
allowed him the freedom to roam and develop his interest in wildlife
and conservation. |
 |
Jamie Bercaw Anzano
... is Director of Program Services for Project Dragonfly and
is an instructor for Dragonfly workshops. Jamie served as an
editor for Dragonfly magazine and as Co-Project Director on an
Ohio Board of Regents’ grant implementing inquiry-driven systemic
reform. Prior to her work at Dragonfly, Jamie wrote hundreds
of articles as a newspaper reporter and magazine writer. She has a B. s.
from Southern Methodist University in Journalism and an M. s. in Environmental
Science with concentrations in environmental education and eco tourism
from Miami University’s Institute of Environmental Sciences. She
is working on a Ph.D. in Educational Leadership at Miami. Jamie has
traveled in Europe; North, Central and South Americas; the Caribbean;
the South Pacific; and Australia. She and her husband have two sons. |
 |
Jill Korach
...is a team member at Project Dragonfly at Miami University where she serves as the Assistant Director of Earth Expeditions’ Field Expeditions Program and instructs several of international courses. She is also the Program Manager for the Wild Research Program (a 3-year NSF grant focused on incorporating inquiry components into exhibits on Zoo grounds). Jill earned an undergraduate degree in biology from Washington University where she focused on tropical rainforest ecology. She earned a Master’s from Miami University's Institute of Environmental Sciences concentrating in conservation biology. Jill also worked for an active travel company leading trips exploring coastal Maine and the Grand Canyon. Her interests lie in ethnobotany as she strives to bring focus to the dependence and interconnectedness of people and plants as a way to re-connect us to our environment. Jill accredits her love of the natural world and global perspective to her extensive local and international experiences – and to getting a chance to climb trees as a child. |
 |
Sharon Matola
... is a wild woman. Never, ever taking no for an answer, she has built
the Belize Zoo & Tropical Education Center into one of the world’s
most effective zoos and conservation organizations. Starting with 20
captive animals left behind more than twenty years ago by a natural
history film crew, Sharon has dedicated her life’s work to engaging
the Belizean people with their wildlife. First with education programs
in schools throughout the country, and later by establishing the zoo,
Sharon has shared her love and the need for wildlife and wild areas.
From its humble beginnings, and against all odds, Sharon charmed, cajoled,
and worked until the Belize Zoo finally opened its gates at its new
home in 1991. Today’s Belize Zoo employs a staff of 25, all Belizeans.
It is a conservation and education center run by and for Belizeans. |
 |
Celso Poót
Celso Poót started working with the Belize Zoo and Tropical Education Center in 1994. From 1997 to 1999, he worked in the Ministry of Agriculture’s Vampire Bat Education, Control and Research Program and with the Forest Planning and Management Project. However, because of his passion for the environment and his drive to educate younger generations about the country’s ecology and wildlife conservation, he returned to the Belize Zoo and has been heading the Education Department ever since. Celso is responsible for both onsite and outreach school programs and works with more than 15,000 school children and teachers each academic year. Celso also coordinates foreign school groups offering ecological field courses in Belize. His various jobs have allowed him to travel the entire country and provides a stimulus to continue his work with the Belizean environment. |
 |
Matti Nghikembua
... is the Senior Research Assistant and Education Officer of the Cheetah Conservation Fund (CCF) where he assists with ongoing ecological research and the bush encroachment program. Matti is responsible for training student interns from Namibian universities and coordinates environmental education and outreach programs at CCF. Matti has seven years' experience in field surveys, conducting interviews, baseline vegetation surveys, and holds a National Diploma in Natural Resource Management. In 2006, Matti was named a Conservation Hero by the Disney Wildlife Conservation Fund for his outstanding commitment to environmental education in Namibia and the important contributions he has made researching cheetahs and their habitats. To top it all off, Matti is fluent in five Namibian languages, and is a joy to work with and know. |
 |
Jan Dietrich
… has been with the Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden since 1979 when her family moved to Cincinnati from Bryan, Texas. Jan received her Bachelor of Arts from Wittenberg University and her Master’s of Education from the University of Florida. She’s taught school in Florida, Ohio, and Texas. Jan volunteered at the Zoo until she found her niche in the Education Department where she has been on staff since 1984. As School Services Coordinator and Animal Handling Instructor, Jan is able to combine the two things she enjoys most – working with children and introducing them to the animals that share Planet Earth. Jan is a certified trainer with the National Association of Interpretation and has been able to travel to such interesting places as Canada, Europe, Africa, and Central and South America. Jan and her husband live in West Chester, Ohio, but spend as much time as possible in Maryland with their two young grandsons. |
 |
Bariushaa Munkhtsog
... Dr. Bariushaa Munkhtsog is a wildlife biologist and co-founder of
the Pallas' Cat Conservation Project in Mongolia. He currently serves
as International Snow Leopard Trust. In the past, he was active in the
reintroduction of Przewalski's horse at Hustain Nuruu National Park,
Mongolia. Dr. Munkhtsog also teaches biology and ecology at colleges
and has supervised Bachelor's and Master's students at National University
of Mongolia on snow leopard, Pallas' cat, wild cat, and wild camel ecology.
Dr. Munkhtsog is a member of IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group and a Steering
Committee member of Snow Leopard Network. |

|
Caitlin Reynolds
... is the Wild Research Project Coordinator at the Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden, where she works on a National Science Foundation grant focused on creating more engaging environments at zoo exhibits. Here, Caitlin is excited to create spaces where families learn together, exploring science and conservation, and moving from passive spectators to active investigators. Caitlin also has a passion for the outdoors. Working at Joy Outdoor Education Center in Clarksville Ohio, Caitlin held several education positions. With 315 acres of natural classroom to explore, she taught natural history classes, led high and low ropes courses, facilitated corporate team-building exercises, and even portrayed characters in an outdoor living history experience focused on the Underground Railroad. Helping people 'jump' out of their comfort zone (sometimes literally) while sharing excitement for the natural world with children and adults alike was her favorite aspect of experiential education. With a background in video and film production, Caitlin also teaches dance, specializing in the Lindy Hop. She enjoys hiking, biking, reading, climbing, searching for salamanders, and spending time with her family, especially her 10 nieces and nephews. |

|
Samantha Russell
... is a doctoral candidate in Conservation Ecology. Closely affiliated with the African Conservation Centre, she lives and works in the South Rift Valley in Kenya where her work involves establishing a practical ecological monitoring program for the Magadi region. Alongside this she is helping the local Maasai community to establish community-based research for conservation. This involves helping to establish a South Rift Resource Centre and train local community youths in resource assessment and data collection. Having been born and raised in Kenya, Samantha has always held a passion for wildlife and as she grew up developed a keen interest in working with the people who live alongside it, and has worked with Dr. David Western on learning about the relationship between wildlife and people since she graduated from Bristol University in 2002 with an undergraduate degree in Zoology and Psychology. She has also been involved with Dr Western in conducting the first major audit of Kenya’s wildlife and presented this information at a recent Wildlife Policy Review workshop. |
 |
Glen
Schulte
... has been a high school science teacher since he
graduated from the University of Cincinnati in 1986. He has been teaching
at the Zoo Academy since 1996, an incredible program where
juniors and seniors take intense college preparatory classes and spend
2 hours every day working with the keepers at the Zoo. He received
a Masters in Science Teaching from Miami University in 1996 and promptly
started teaching in the MAT program. Glen was a student, then an instructor
the following year on the Costa Rica expedition. |
 |
Reema
Persad-Clem
... was a doctoral candidate in the Department of
Zoology at Miami University. As a primatologist, Reema has worked
with monkeys,
prosimians and apes under both captive and wild conditions. Her present
research involves examining the endocrine parameters of stress under
varying environmental conditions using non-invasive methods. She first
explored these elements while investigating the behavioral ecology
of the Trinidad red howler in the same rainforests she explored as
a child. Currently, she is involved in studying how former research
chimpanzees adapt to their new life in naturalistic enclosures at
the Chimp Haven Sanctuary. Reema believes that we are all environmental
stewards and can each contribute to the preservation of biological
diversity, sustainability of resources, and maintenance of healthy
ecosystems. She believes that environmental education efforts and
grassroots programs are especially critical to encouraging the understanding
of the importance of the earth's treasures and preserving these wonders
for future generations. |

|
Sorrayut Ratanapojnard (Asia)
... Dr. Sorrayut received his PhD in Environmental Education from the
School of Forestry & Environmental Studies, Yale University. He is a
professor at Mahidol University in Bangkok, Thailand. He has ordained
as a Buddhist monk and was the director of Thailand's Project Local
Science and the Spiritual Health Program. He writes weekly newspaper
columns on spirituality and health. |

|
Nicole Auil
... is the Belize Program Manager and Conservation Biologist for Wildlife Trust's Edge of the Sea Aquatic Conservation Program, has been studying Antillean Manatees for over 10 years. A native of Belize, she began her career by creating the Belize Marine Mammal Stranding Network and the Belize Manatee Recovery Plan, both of which she continues to manage successfully. Nicole and her team work with the local community, grassroots organizations, and the Belize government to help raise awareness of the Gales Point Wildlife Sanctuary, a hotspot for manatees and their calves by developing eco-tourism initiatives to educate people about these mammals. Nicole is a recipient of the Whitley Fund for Nature award, the funds for which are being used to further her current research and management work in the Southern Lagoon Wildlife Sanctuary. |

|
Kevin Andrewin
... Born and raised in Belize, Kevin has known manatees all of his life. He grew up watching manatee outside of his home, Gales Point Manatee, which was named after the marine mammal. Kevin works for Wildlife Trust, where he splits his time between researching tracked manatees and finding creative ways to protect sea turtle nests from predation. To keep coastal Belizeans informed of manatee research tracking, Kevin visits fishing villages all along the coast of Belize to explain the manatee tracking process, what transmitters looks like, and how they operate. Kevin is the youngest member of his village council and an active voice for manatee conservation in his village. He is also the chairman of the Gales Point Manatee Tour Guides Cooperative. |

|
José I. Pareja
... is the Assistant Director of the Global Field Program (GFP) at Miami University. José was brought up in Peru. During this time he developed a passion for learning about science, the environment, and technology; teaching about science and technology; and traveling to remote and exotic places like the Amazon Rainforest and the seldom visited Andean forests. José earned his B.S. degree in Biology and a Post Graduate Certificate in Environmental Quality Management from UNALM in Peru. He then moved to the US and completed his M.S. in Ecology, and Ph.D. in Science Education from the University of Missouri. José used to work as a high school science teacher in Peru. This path led him into what he believes is one of the most humble and rewarding experiences he’s had ‘serving and guiding people towards accomplishing their personal and professional goals’. His interests lie in the intersection of life science, technology, science education, and sharing experiences through international collaborations. <Home page>
|
 |
Shasta Bray
...is the Interpretive Media Manager at the Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden. She is dedicated to making a positive impact on the natural world and strongly believes that fostering a connection between people and nature is crucial. Shasta received a B. s. in Zoology from Southern Illinois University and an M. s. in Zoology from Miami University, where she also worked with Project Dragonfly. She joined the zoo in 1999 as the Coordinator of the Nocturnal Adventures overnight program, moving on to coordinate the zoo's urban initiative program, EdZoocation. She currently works on curriculum development, interpretive exhibits, and writing projects.
|
 |
Kate Aug
...is the Program Coordinator for the Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden's Nocturnal Adventures Program. She manages overnight programs for the general public and schools and teaches as an adjunct instructor for Miami University's Earth Expeditions. Kate received her B. a. in Education with an emphasis in experiential education from Prescott College in Arizona. She has escorted trips for the Zoo to Namibia, South Africa, Botswana, Trinidad, and Belize in addition to traveling and studying extensively on her own. Kate came to the Zoo from a background that focused on environmental and experiential education. She draws on this reservoir of knowledge daily while teaching, writing curriculum, traveling and hiring/supervising Zoo employees. Kate feels fortunate that her experience allows her to stay committed to the Cincinnati Zoo's overall mission, Adventure, Conservation and Education.
"Travel is more than the seeing of sights; it is a change that goes on, deep and permanent, in the ideas of living."
–- Miriam Beard
|
 |
Katie Remine
…works as the School and Community Engagement Supervisor in the Education Department at Woodland Park Zoo in Seattle, where she has been employed since 1997. She develops and presents conservation education for educators of K-12th grades, supervises on-site and outreach school programs, and facilitates programs that engage community members in conservation actions. Katie is a huge believer in the potential of international experiential learning to foster a sustainable global community! She spent a year in Iceland as an exchange student, and then received a BA in Biology and a minor in African Studies from Colorado College (with two semesters of study abroad in east and southern Africa). She recently completed her MSc degree in Biodiversity Conservation and Management through Imperial College London. Although she’s an avid traveler, Katie’s heart lies in the gorgeous mountains, forests and waterways of the Pacific Northwest! |
 |
Stephanie Stowell
... is the Director of Education at Woodland Park Zoo in Seattle. Content to finally have landed her “dream job”, Stephanie directs and evaluates the development and implementation of educational programs for children and adults, schools and communities, that inspire them to care for and protect the natural world. Prior to joining Woodland Park Zoo in the summer of 2007, Stephanie worked for the National Wildlife Federation (NWF) for nine years contributing to the education programs of the organization in a variety of capacities. Stephanie managed the national Schoolyard Habitats program and oversaw curriculum development, teacher training programs and project evaluation. As the Senior Director of Field Education Programs, Stephanie oversaw the implementation of NWF’s education programs in all eight of NWF’s regional Natural Resource Center offices including volunteer, teacher and community-based programs. Stephanie has a BA in Asian Studies and Master’s degree in Curriculum & Instruction/Environmental Education. Travel and immersion in other cultures has always been an important influence in Stephanie’s life. |
 |
Sarah F. Navarro
…grew up in Michigan where her parents fostered her love of nature with frequent camping trips. Sarah earned her B.S. as well as her M.S., both in Zoology, from Michigan State University. Her love of exotic educational opportunities began with graduate coursework in Kenya in 1999. First-hand understanding of the importance of experiencing truly wild places has inspired her to incorporate nature into her career. She joined the Education Department at the Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden in 2001 where she is the Education Program Coordinator of 18-36 month, 4/5 yr old, 12-14 yr old, Adult, Scout, & Family programs and has been involved with the Earth Expeditions Field and Zoo Expeditions programs since 2005. When she is not at work, she is playing and exploring nature with her husband and son. |
 |
Molly Steinwald
... is a PhD candidate in Zoology at Miami University, researching the effect of photographic multimedia on audience environmental connectedness, conservation attitudes, and science teaching confidence. She earned her B.S. in Biology at the University of Dallas and her M.S. in Ecology at Purdue University, and has ten years of college-level teaching experience in a range of biological subjects and settings; she also has substantial research experience with plants, birds and mammals in coastal, desert and woodland habitats around the U.S. A self-taught photographer, Molly has received many local to international recognitions, and currently serves on the Affiliate Council of the International League of Conservation Photographers and the Environmental Committee of the North American Nature Photography Association. Molly lives to: 1) help people become less afraid of science, understand that it relates to all other knowledge areas, and see that science knowledge enriches daily life; and 2) heighten people’s sensitivity to the beauty and value of small-scale mundane nature, particularly in built environments, in order to both foster positive conservation attitudes in people unable to experience wilderness and simply to bring joy to people living in difficult and underprivileged conditions. Molly and her husband, an amazing full-time stay-at-home dad, have two small children who love studying and experiencing life as much as their parents do. |
 |
Scott Wingate
... is the education coordinator at the Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical
Garden, where he manages the Zoo's youth public programs. He received his
B.S. in Biology from The Ohio State University with an emphasis on Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology. After graduating he found
himself sharing the joys of the natural world with others as a naturalist. Working at the Wilds really piqued his interest in global conservation and how important education is in its success! |
 |
Marc Ancrenaz
…is the Director of the "Kinabatangan Orang-utan Conservation Project", in Sabah, Malaysia. A native of France but resident of Malaysia, his research focuses on a variety of topics including eco-ethological studies of orang-utan adaptation to disturbed habitats and the management of conflicts between orang-utans, elephants and human communities. Marc is also a trained veterinarian, who worked as the head of the Mammal and Veterinary Departments at the "National Wildlife Research Center", Taif, Saudi Arabia. |
 |
Ursula Valdez
...is a tropical biologist, ornithologist and conservationist. She obtained a Biology degree from the Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina in Peru and a Master's Degree in Zoology and Animal Behavior from North Carolina State University. Recently, she finished her PhD at the University of Washington studying Forest-falcon ecology in the Peruvian Amazon. Currently, she is a lecturer at the Biology Department at UW where she teaches Conservation Biology, Ornithology and tropical biology. Ursula is a passionate field biologist who has conducted ecological and ornithological work in Peru, as well as in Ecuador, Panama, USA and Spain. She worked in Peru and Panama as a raptor biologist and was the Director of the Neotropical Environmental Education Program of The Peregrine Fund. She has been an instructor in tropical ecology courses in Peru and Costa Rica. She has also run field courses in ornithology for Latin American students and field biology and conservation courses for UW undergraduate students. Ursula started a conservation center in Peru (www.ceccot.org) dedicated to raise awareness among local communities of the importance of the rainforest ecology and conservation but integrated in the local human context. At the center she and her colleagues conduct research on birds and other taxonomical groups, work on public outreach and offer training in sustainable living. She is a committed conservationist and active in finding ways to lower humans’ ecological footprint. |